RISK OF RELAPSE
NMOSD is a relapsing autoimmune disease of the central nervous system
NMOSD relapses are unpredictable and tend to be severe and recurrent1-3
Relapses primarily target the optic nerves (optic neuritis) and spinal cord (transverse myelitis).
Over time, relapses have been shown to be inevitable for the majority of patients with NMOSD.1,2,4
The majority of patients with NMOSD are anti-AQP4 antibody positive5*
Up to 92.7% of patients with NMOSD who are anti-AQP4 antibody positive have relapsed, with relapses that may result in permanent disability.1,6,7†‡§
*A cross-sectional study of 132 patients with NMOSD over a period of 4 years.5
†Retrospective study from the German Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group database in patients with anti-AQP4 antibody-positive NMOSD (N=137) whose median disease duration was 60 months.1
‡Retrospective study from Mayo Clinic records in patients with anti-AQP4 antibody-positive NMOSD (N=140).6
§Population-based cohort study in patients with anti-AQP4 antibody-positive NMOSD from Olmsted County, Minnesota (N=5), and Martinique (N=31).7
Complement activation is an important cause of anti-AQP4 antibody-positive NMOSD pathophysiology
The complement cascade is a vital component of the body’s immune system8
- It is composed of a complex and tightly regulated group of more than 40 blood proteins known as complement proteins8
- The complement system acts quickly to detect, destroy, and eliminate microbes or cellular debris8,9
- It is responsible for MAC formation and bacterial lysis9
In anti-AQP4 antibody-positive NMOSD, complement activation can lead to inflammation and destruction of astrocytes10
Anti-AQP4 antibody binds to AQP4
Complement activation
Astrocyte and neuronal death
Abbreviations: AQP4, aquaporin-4; CNS, central nervous system; MAC, membrane attack complex.
WARNING: SERIOUS MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
SOLIRIS, a complement inhibitor, increases the risk of serious infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. Life-threatening and fatal meningococcal infections have occurred in patients treated with complement inhibitors. These infections may become rapidly life-threatening or fatal if not recognized and treated early.
- Complete or update vaccination for meningococcal bacteria (for serogroups A, C, W, Y, and B) at least 2 weeks prior to the first dose of SOLIRIS, unless the risks of delaying SOLIRIS therapy outweigh the risk of developing a serious infection. Comply with the most current Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations for vaccinations against meningococcal bacteria in patients receiving a complement inhibitor. See Warnings and Precautions (5.1) for additional guidance on the management of the risk of serious infections caused by meningococcal bacteria.
- Patients receiving SOLIRIS are at increased risk for invasive disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis, even if they develop antibodies following vaccination. Monitor patients for early signs and symptoms of serious meningococcal infections and evaluate immediately if infection is suspected.
Because of the risk of serious meningococcal infections, SOLIRIS is available only through a restricted program under a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) called SOLIRIS REMS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
CONTRAINDICATIONS
- Initiation in patients with unresolved serious Neisseria meningitidis infection.
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
Serious Meningococcal Infections
SOLIRIS, a complement inhibitor, increases a patient’s susceptibility to serious, life-threatening, or fatal infections caused by meningococcal bacteria (septicemia and/or meningitis) in any serogroup, including non-groupable strains. Life-threatening and fatal meningococcal infections have occurred in both vaccinated and unvaccinated patients treated with complement inhibitors.
Revaccinate patients in accordance with ACIP recommendations considering the duration of therapy with SOLIRIS. Note that ACIP recommends an administration schedule in patients receiving complement inhibitors that differs from the administration schedule in the vaccine prescribing information. If urgent SOLIRIS therapy is indicated in a patient who is not up to date with meningococcal vaccines according to ACIP recommendations, provide antibacterial drug prophylaxis and administer meningococcal vaccines as soon as possible. Various durations and regimens of antibacterial drug prophylaxis have been considered, but the optimal durations and drug regimens for prophylaxis and their efficacy have not been studied in unvaccinated or vaccinated patients receiving complement inhibitors, including SOLIRIS. The benefits and risks of treatment with SOLIRIS, as well as those associated with antibacterial drug prophylaxis in unvaccinated or vaccinated patients, must be considered against the known risks for serious infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis.
Vaccination does not eliminate the risk of serious meningococcal infections, despite development of antibodies following vaccination.
Closely monitor patients for early signs and symptoms of meningococcal infection and evaluate patients immediately if infection is suspected. Inform patients of these signs and symptoms and instruct patients to seek immediate medical care if these signs and symptoms occur. Promptly treat known infections. Meningococcal infection may become rapidly life-threatening or fatal if not recognized and treated early. Consider interruption of SOLIRIS in patients who are undergoing treatment for serious meningococcal infection, depending on the risks of interrupting treatment in the disease being treated.
SOLIRIS REMS
Due to the risk of serious meningococcal infections, SOLIRIS is available only through a restricted program called SOLIRIS REMS.
Under the REMS, prescribers must enroll in the REMS, counsel patients about the risk of meningococcal infection, provide patients with the REMS educational materials, assess patient vaccination status for meningococcal vaccines (against serogroups A, C, W, Y, and B) and vaccinate if needed according to current ACIP recommendations two weeks prior to the first dose of SOLIRIS. Antibacterial drug prophylaxis must be prescribed if treatment must be started urgently and the patient is not up to date with both meningococcal vaccines according to current ACIP recommendations at least two weeks prior to the first dose of SOLIRIS. Patients must receive counseling about the need to receive meningococcal vaccines and to take antibiotics as directed, the signs and symptoms of meningococcal infection, and be instructed to carry the Patient Safety Card with them at all times during and for 3 months following SOLIRIS treatment.
Further information is available at www.solirisrems.com or 1-888-765-4747.
Other Infections
Serious infections with Neisseria species (other than Neisseria meningitidis), including disseminated gonococcal infections, have been reported.
SOLIRIS blocks terminal complement activation; therefore, patients may have increased susceptibility to infections, especially with encapsulated bacteria, such as infections with Neisseria meningitidis but also Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and to a lesser extent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Additionally, Aspergillus infections have occurred in immunocompromised and neutropenic patients. Patients receiving SOLIRIS are at increased risk for infections due to these organisms, even if they develop antibodies following vaccination.
Infusion-Related Reactions
Administration of SOLIRIS may result in infusion-related reactions, including anaphylaxis or other hypersensitivity reactions. In clinical trials, no patients experienced an infusion-related reaction which required discontinuation of SOLIRIS. Interrupt SOLIRIS infusion and institute appropriate supportive measures if signs of cardiovascular instability or respiratory compromise occur.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Adverse Reactions for NMOSD
The most frequently reported adverse reactions in the NMOSD placebo-controlled trial (≥10%) were: upper respiratory infection, nasopharyngitis, diarrhea, back pain, dizziness, influenza, arthralgia, pharyngitis, and contusion.
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS contact Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. at 1-844-259-6783 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
INDICATION
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD)
SOLIRIS is indicated for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in adult patients who are anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody positive.
Please see full Prescribing Information for SOLIRIS, including Boxed WARNING regarding serious and life-threatening or fatal meningococcal infections.
WARNING: SERIOUS MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
SOLIRIS, a complement inhibitor, increases the risk of serious infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. Life-threatening and fatal meningococcal infections have occurred in patients treated with complement inhibitors. These infections may become rapidly life-threatening or fatal if not recognized and treated early.
- Complete or update vaccination for meningococcal bacteria (for serogroups A, C, W, Y, and B) at least 2 weeks prior to the first dose of SOLIRIS, unless the risks of delaying SOLIRIS therapy outweigh the risk of developing a serious infection. Comply with the most current Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations for vaccinations against meningococcal bacteria in patients receiving a complement inhibitor. See Warnings and Precautions (5.1) for additional guidance on the management of the risk of serious infections caused by meningococcal bacteria.
- Patients receiving SOLIRIS are at increased risk for invasive disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis, even if they develop antibodies following vaccination. Monitor patients for early signs and symptoms of serious meningococcal infections and evaluate immediately if infection is suspected.
Because of the risk of serious meningococcal infections, SOLIRIS is available only through a restricted program under a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) called SOLIRIS REMS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
CONTRAINDICATIONS
- Initiation in patients with unresolved serious Neisseria meningitidis infection.
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
Serious Meningococcal Infections
SOLIRIS, a complement inhibitor, increases a patient’s susceptibility to serious, life-threatening, or fatal infections caused by meningococcal bacteria (septicemia and/or meningitis) in any serogroup, including non-groupable strains. Life-threatening and fatal meningococcal infections have occurred in both vaccinated and unvaccinated patients treated with complement inhibitors.
Revaccinate patients in accordance with ACIP recommendations considering the duration of therapy with SOLIRIS. Note that ACIP recommends an administration schedule in patients receiving complement inhibitors that differs from the administration schedule in the vaccine prescribing information. If urgent SOLIRIS therapy is indicated in a patient who is not up to date with meningococcal vaccines according to ACIP recommendations, provide antibacterial drug prophylaxis and administer meningococcal vaccines as soon as possible. Various durations and regimens of antibacterial drug prophylaxis have been considered, but the optimal durations and drug regimens for prophylaxis and their efficacy have not been studied in unvaccinated or vaccinated patients receiving complement inhibitors, including SOLIRIS. The benefits and risks of treatment with SOLIRIS, as well as those associated with antibacterial drug prophylaxis in unvaccinated or vaccinated patients, must be considered against the known risks for serious infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis.
Vaccination does not eliminate the risk of serious meningococcal infections, despite development of antibodies following vaccination.
Closely monitor patients for early signs and symptoms of meningococcal infection and evaluate patients immediately if infection is suspected. Inform patients of these signs and symptoms and instruct patients to seek immediate medical care if these signs and symptoms occur. Promptly treat known infections. Meningococcal infection may become rapidly life-threatening or fatal if not recognized and treated early. Consider interruption of SOLIRIS in patients who are undergoing treatment for serious meningococcal infection, depending on the risks of interrupting treatment in the disease being treated.
SOLIRIS REMS
Due to the risk of serious meningococcal infections, SOLIRIS is available only through a restricted program called SOLIRIS REMS.
Under the REMS, prescribers must enroll in the REMS, counsel patients about the risk of meningococcal infection, provide patients with the REMS educational materials, assess patient vaccination status for meningococcal vaccines (against serogroups A, C, W, Y, and B) and vaccinate if needed according to current ACIP recommendations two weeks prior to the first dose of SOLIRIS. Antibacterial drug prophylaxis must be prescribed if treatment must be started urgently and the patient is not up to date with both meningococcal vaccines according to current ACIP recommendations at least two weeks prior to the first dose of SOLIRIS. Patients must receive counseling about the need to receive meningococcal vaccines and to take antibiotics as directed, the signs and symptoms of meningococcal infection, and be instructed to carry the Patient Safety Card with them at all times during and for 3 months following SOLIRIS treatment.
Further information is available at www.solirisrems.com or 1-888-765-4747.
Other Infections
Serious infections with Neisseria species (other than Neisseria meningitidis), including disseminated gonococcal infections, have been reported.
SOLIRIS blocks terminal complement activation; therefore, patients may have increased susceptibility to infections, especially with encapsulated bacteria, such as infections with Neisseria meningitidis but also Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and to a lesser extent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Additionally, Aspergillus infections have occurred in immunocompromised and neutropenic patients. Patients receiving SOLIRIS are at increased risk for infections due to these organisms, even if they develop antibodies following vaccination.
Infusion-Related Reactions
Administration of SOLIRIS may result in infusion-related reactions, including anaphylaxis or other hypersensitivity reactions. In clinical trials, no patients experienced an infusion-related reaction which required discontinuation of SOLIRIS. Interrupt SOLIRIS infusion and institute appropriate supportive measures if signs of cardiovascular instability or respiratory compromise occur.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Adverse Reactions for NMOSD
The most frequently reported adverse reactions in the NMOSD placebo-controlled trial (≥10%) were: upper respiratory infection, nasopharyngitis, diarrhea, back pain, dizziness, influenza, arthralgia, pharyngitis, and contusion.
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS contact Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. at 1-844-259-6783 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
INDICATION
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD)
SOLIRIS is indicated for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in adult patients who are anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody positive.
Please see full Prescribing Information for SOLIRIS, including Boxed WARNING regarding serious and life-threatening or fatal meningococcal infections.
References
1. Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Wildemann B, et al. Contrasting disease patterns in seropositive and seronegative neuromyelitis optica: a multicentre study of 175 patients. J Neuroinflammation. 2012;9:14. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-14 2. Wingerchuk DM, Hogancamp WF, O’Brien PC, Weinshenker BG. The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s syndrome). Neurology. 1999;53(5):1107-1114. doi:10.1212/wnl.53.5.1107 3. Kitley J, Leite MI, Nakashima I, et al. Prognostic factors and disease course in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from the United Kingdom and Japan. Brain. 2012;135(pt 6):1834-1849. doi:10.1093/brain/aws109 4. Mealy MA, Wingerchuk DM, Greenberg BM, Levy M. Epidemiology of neuromyelitis optica in the United States: a multicenter analysis. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(9):1176-1180. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2012.314 5. Hamid SHM, Whittam D, Mutch K, et al. What proportion of AQP4-IgG-negative NMO spectrum disorder patients are MOG-IgG positive? a cross sectional study of 132 patients. J Neurol. 2017;264(10):2088-2094. doi:10.1007/s00415-017-8596-7 6. Jiao Y, Fryer JP, Lennon VA, et al. Updated estimate of AQP4-IgG serostatus and disability outcome in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2013;81(14):1197-1204. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a6cb5c 7. Flanagan EP, Cabre P, Weinshenker BG, et al. Epidemiology of aquaporin-4 autoimmunity and neuromyelitis optica spectrum. Ann Neurol. 2016;79(5):775-783. doi:10.1002/ana.24617 8. Merle NS, Noe R, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Roumenina LT. Complement system part II: role in immunity. Front Immunol. 2015;6:257. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00257 9. Dunkelberger JR, Song WC. Complement and its role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Cell Res. 2010;20(1):34-50. doi:10.1038/cr.2009.139 10. Wingerchuk DM. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: critical role of complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Neurol Rev. 2017;3(suppl):S1-S4. 11. Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF. Neuromyelitis optica and the evolving spectrum of autoimmune aquaporin-4 channelopathies: a decade later. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016;1366(1):20-39. doi:10.1111/nyas.12794 12. Dutra BG, da Rocha AJ, Nunes RH, Maia ACM. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: spectrum of MR imaging findings and their differential diagnosis. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):169-193. doi:10.1148/rg.2018170141 13. Papadopoulos MC, Verkman AS. Aquaporin 4 and neuromyelitis optica. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(6):535-544. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70133-3